The development of sociology was born of two revolutions: the French Revolution of 1789 and the Industrial Revolution. Both events have destroyed all previous social norms and created a new social organization of modern industrial society. In particular, the French Revolution destroyed not only the political and social foundations of France, but almost all the countries of Europe and North America. The ideas of liberty and equality have been established, paving the way for a new social and political order. These changes also represented the victory of the oppressed in France, and early societies of other countries in terms of the individual and individualism. A new class of people, emboldened by what happened in France, appeared on the political scene in Europe and North America and did not dare to fight for their rights as citizens and human beings.
The concept of modernity occurred classical theorists to understand the meaning and importance of the twin revolutions and the effects of industrialization, urbanization and political democracy in rural societies. The term "modern" was coined to capture these ongoing changes contrasting the "modern" with "traditional". Modernity is more than a concept. Modernity refers to a world made new through active and conscious people. In modern societies, the world is seen as a human construction, an experience that gives rise to a new sense of freedom and basic anxiety about the future opening.
Modernity consists of three elements: traditional, institutional and cultural. Traditional means modernity, there is a historical consciousness, the sense of rupture with the past and a post-traditional consciousness of what is happening in the world. Institutional modernity has to do with capitalism, industrialization, urbanization and democratic nation-state. Cultural modernity entails new beliefs about science, economics and education. It is a critique of religion and the separation of religion from politics and education.
A new social science was created as a result of these events and gave the name of "sociology" Auguste Comte, French philosopher and is considered the founder of modern sociology. Sociology is not only intelligence, but it is related to changes in the social world and the changes in society. One reason why sociology is different from other social sciences, is that it attempts to describe the different types of social forces that develop in a society in different times and places, with different actors and results. As societies change, it is the nature of these changes that sociologists attempt to explain, and it is the same changes that lead to different explanations for these changes.
For example, political and economic theory of Marx is an explanation of nineteenth-century capitalism as it developed in Britain. His theory could not have been developed fifty years earlier, because the trends and forces that described and explained just beginning in the early nineteenth century. The analysis of bureaucracy and rationalization Weber could not have come much earlier than it did, because the bureaucratic structures and the forces of rationalization had not developed all that well before the Weber era. And analysis of the changing division of labor Durkheim could occur once some of the economic and social trends of modern industrial societies have become apparent. The same is true today: that society is changing and becoming more modern, new sociological theories and approaches developed in an attempt to understand and explain these changes.
Marx, Weber and Durkheim have different views on modernity. For Marx, capitalism and modernity is estimated that the ideal of a true democracy is one of the great lies of capitalism. He thought that the only ideas that emerged from capitalist society was alienation, class struggle and revolution. I also thought that capitalism will eventually be destroyed by the revolution. For him, the story is a human construct and that history is made by those who have political and material resources to do so. Humans participate in their own oppression through false consciousness, a belief, an idea or an ideology that interferes with a person or group is able to perceive the objective nature and the source of their oppression and exploitation of the oppressed.
Weber interprets modernity as rationalization, bureaucratization and the "iron cage." For him, the story of the further modernization of rationalization. He would seek technical constraints and everything becomes more efficient to evaluate. All that humans depend would be controlled by large bureaucratic organizations capitalists.
Durkheim saw modernity as moral, anomie and the decline of social solidarity. In his analysis of modernity, is a breakdown of social values, the collapse of the traditional social order. Anomie is a transient problem, a lack of moral regulation. The increase selfishness is also a problem. Each of these classical theorists had a very critical view of capitalism and modern society.
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